Modernity and Nietzsche Essay - 1994 Words

Throughout many centuries philosophers have tried to explain the nature of reality and the order that exists within the universe around us. The purpose of this paper is to first trace the developments that led up to modernity. Next I will react to the claim made by Fredrick Nietzsche that â€Å"God is dead† from a Biblical perspective. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Philosophers have attempted to answer that question of what reality is and how to answer the questions that everyone faced. The first philosopher Thales held that water was the source of life and death. This is how the earliest philosophers explained the cycle of life and death that they saw happening all around them. Heraclitus later thought that fire was the prime element, and†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thomas Aquinas became the next great philosopher in Greek history, and he chose Aristotle’s philosophy as his model. Since reality functioned in the physical world, science was justified, unlike Plato and Augustine’s systems. While Aquinas did not deny the spiritual realm, he did recognize that there was a genuine reality that operated in the physical world, therefore the physical sciences had some value. According to Aquinas, God revealed Himself in physical reality; the supernatural invaded the natural. Aquinas did not create a closed system, but rather a reality that operated on a physical level according to laws, but did not except supernatural intervention. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Moving on we now reach the birth of modernity with the philosopher Francis Bacon. Bacon felt that he needed to totally disregard everything he had previously learned in order to arrive at the truth. He said that the only way to learn something was by experience. He also made an important transition in the way he formed logic. Philosophers in ancient times used inductive logic, and Bacon used deductive logic. Bacon was followed by Descartes who once ventured into a cave to find what truth really was on his own. He once said, â€Å"I think therefore, I am.† This statement sums up the entire theme of modernity. He doubted everything but the self, even the existence of God. After â€Å"discovering† the self, he concluded that since he could thinkShow MoreRelatedChristian Morality Has Become A Tale Of Shame930 Words   |  4 Pages According to Nietzsche genealogy of Christian morality has become a tale of shame – wherein the weak promote the propagation of a lie and foster a mistaken explanation for suffering. By overlooking the will to power that occurs naturally in all the people, Christianity cages, and dulls the will preventing it from expressing itself. This in turn creates problems by removing the individual’s ability to master their own life – turning them into puppets under the guidance of the government. From theRead MoreComparing Twentieth Century Political Thought Leo Strauss And Richard Rorty1421 Words   |  6 Pages According to him, modern society mired in the chaos of ‘intellectual anarchy,’ characterized by the fact that political philosophy is in a ‘state of decay or putrefaction.’ Clearly, Strauss does not hold the Enlightenment or the transition to modernity in high esteem. In fact as Ronald Beiner affirms, Strauss’ entire project is a ‘never-ceasing polemic against the Enlightenment,’ which he blames for the breaking the aforementioned distinction between the masses and philosophers. For example, theRead MorePostmoderntiy: a Break from Modernity1903 Words   |  8 PagesPostmodernity: A Break from Modernity Postmodern is a complex term with multiple usages. As a consequence, it is open to conflation and confusion. The â€Å"post† in postmodern is not definitive and it’s up to the writers to clarify their particular usage. (Gibbins Reimer, 1996, p. 8) As such, the meaning of â€Å"post† in this paper refers a â€Å"break from†, â€Å"opposition to†, â€Å"difference to and from† and a response to†. Works of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill; Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault willRead MoreEssay on Theory of Alienation: Marx and Nietzsche2375 Words   |  10 Pagestruly free and utilizing our social and political powers for social relations. To Marx, to be truly free, we must have the freedom to control our social relations. Like Marx, Nietzsche is a theorist of alienation, but he believes that man is alienated through morality and our progression through the slave morality. Nietzsche broadens this explanation throughout his book On the Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche’s problem is the origin of the moral standard of â€Å"good and evil.† He explains that the originallyRead MorePost Modernism vs. Modernism870 Words   |  4 Pagesfurniture, buildings etc... The great thinkers of modernism include Descartes, and Nietzsche. Rene Descartes had set out to prove that Aristotles way of thinking was flawed. Descartes saw that mathematics could be applied to the real world and it needed to be. He started doubting everything around him to prove what exists and what does not. This had an overwhelming effect on science and technology. According to Nietzsche the way Aristotle thought was wrong. He took a different approach by writing ThusRead MoreFoucault and Nietzsche on Knowledge1032 Words   |  4 Pages it could be stated that power is considered to be the major source of knowledge and subject. The connection between knowledge and power creates the disciplinary force of the current contemporary era, which appears to be invincible. The self of modernity is developed along with the appropriate for its control and monitoring. At this point, the connection should involve the concept of freedom. The description of freedom relies on monolithic powe r that shapes its creative proposition. When it comesRead MoreChapter Guide for Twilight of Atheism1931 Words   |  8 Pageshe showed attractive of that choice, he also presented some of its more troubling features. His criticisms were directed more toward the world God supposedly created, more than critiquing God himself. Nietzsche emphasized that the belief in the Christian God became unbelievable. Nietzsche admits that the realization that â€Å"God is dead† will travel slowly because it is just too â€Å"unthinkable†. For nihilism, a religious worldview is oppressive because it insists that we will be held accountableRead MoreJames C. Modern Christian Thought Volume 1 : The Enlightenment And The Nineteenth Century1808 Words   |  8 Pagesreadable narrative revealing how various movements within Christian thought developed from the first doctrine into a thought of the Modern Period. The author also provides interactive introduction to a discussion of an understanding of what constitutes modernity. He argues that â€Å"modern Christian thought can best be understood as beginning with the formidable changes in our world-view that were occasioned by the intellectual ferment unleashed in the scientific, philosophical, and historical changes of theRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first half of the twentieth century, are Dadaism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Fauvism, and Supremacism (Stokstad and Cothren, 2013). Great influence on the practice of modernism have the idea of irrational voluntarism of Arthur Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, the doctrine of intuition by Henri Bergson, CG Jung and psychoanalysis of Dr. Freud, Existentialism of M. Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre and Camus, Theory of social philosophy of the Frankfurt School and T. Adorno along with G. 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Brave New World by Aldous Huxley - 1135 Words

Thinking for oneself, is thinking against oneself (Brave New World Compare/Contrast Essay) Aldous Huxley, one of the most gifted and influential literary figures of the mid-twentieth century, wrote the intriguing story Brave New World. The story focused on a perfect Utopia that existed in the future and a man from a different society that came in with what they’ve believed to be distorted ideas which went against everything the Utopia stood for and would test the very ideas on which that world represented. Their uniquely different ways of being brought up led the Savage character to have contrasting opinions to those grown inside of the Utopia characters, Lenina and Bernard. By having these separate upbringings, their opinions and ideas are formed and created in ways that contrast each other because they weren’t grown to learn certain things as the other was and some of the main themes that caused conflicts throughout the story was their contrasting beliefs towards â€Å"everyone belongs to everyone† and taking soma. Lenina is a Beta girl who was created and grown inside of the Utopia, with the Ford ways everyone in their society had to go through. She went through hypnopedia, where a voice tells you multiple things to believe and do, on a daily basis to behave the way society wanted her too. This told the people when and how to act all the time and built up the main beliefs she held, one of them being the idea that â€Å"everyone belonged to everyone†. Lenina felt that everyoneShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. 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The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actuallyRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what make s world literatureRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley614 Words   |  2 Pagesthem truly happy. What if someone were to tell you that what you thought was true happiness was all an illusion. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley people in the world state are conditioned and drugged up by soma to not experience true happiness. In a world that is perfect, human beings do not have to depend on drugs to keep our world in balance. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley there is always a perfect drug called soma that keeps everyone happy, which they have based their society on. ThisRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley948 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to a world were â€Å"Brave† is not just a word; It has a true meaning. This is a story were everything as you know it, doesn’t seem to be right and will completely change your way of thinking. When this story was written, life was very harsh for many people†¦.Mostly for the author who wrote â€Å"Brave New World† During this time (1930s) they didn’t have much sexual content Living The Future Of The Past In The Present†¦.. In the air; But Aldous made a future full of sex for them and we are the

Carpers Ways of Knowing and Dementia Care

Question: Discuss about the Carpers Ways of Knowing and Dementia Care. Answer: Introduction and Event Description Barbara Carper's "ways of knowing" approach is a very important approach for learning four significant ways of nursing practice. The approach provides the inspiration and influence for the nursing practice. This approach can be considered as the typology that provides assistance in using different sources, beliefs and knowledge in the professional nursing practice. I will apply the ways of knowing in providing dementia care in the residential care setting. I will explore that how does the ways of knowing can help in providing quality care for the patients suffering with dementia in residential aged care setting. My aim in this paper is examine this question in relation to providing care in the long term care facility and my own current and future nursing practice. Dementia is a mental disorder, which is not considered as the normal part of aging, rather it is understood as the group of degenerative neurological diseases. Such neurological disorder results in number of impairments in the patients. Such impairments include memory loss, orientation problem, problem in thinking, loss of problem solving and learning capacity, language impairment, lack of judgment and problem with activities of daily life (ADLs). Since dementia is not a normal part of aging, the risk of this degenerative disease increases with age. The progress of this disease is from mild, moderate to severe. The patient suffering with severe dementia may require 24 hours of surveillance, supervision and care. Residential care becomes the reality for most of the dementia patients, where some time patients have to face a physical restraint that challenges their right to autonomy and ethical principle of nonmaleficence (Mohr, 2010). I also found that emotional needs of the patients are not completely meet and use of physical restraints remains questionable. During my nursing practice in Dementia residential care, I felt that I must use the ways of knowing approach to my nursing practice. This is becau se I felt that this approach can help in using evidence based practice in providing care to the patients and for improving their health outcomes. Ways of Knowing The Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing by Barbara Carper is a framework that provides the way towards quality nursing. The four patterns of knowing are identified by Carper that includes empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic. According to carpe these four patters are important for the nursing knowledge. Carpers article one of the most significant study of the 20th century, which helps the nurses to reflect on their knowledge and practice. I have always been interested in the residential care of the dementia patients, because I have found that pervasive belief affects knowledge and care practices of the nurses. Elderly people living with dementia often have a very difficult life and also their illness affects their families and loved ones (McIntosh, 2013). The event when I came in contact with the severe dementia patient encouraged me to reflect my nursing practice through Carpers ways of knowing.A holistic care model is required for such patients to shift the focus to pa tient-centered care in the residential setting. Dementia Care and Empirical Knowing Empirical knowing refers to the knowledge which is obtained from gathering evidences from science and other evidence based studies that can be empirically verified. According to the study of Barker (2016) the discipline of nursing was experiencing a sense of urgency to develop empirical knowledge that explains and predicts phenomena specific to nursing (p. 7). The driving force behind this concept was to view the profession of nursing as the unique body of knowledge and experience. Empirical knowing refers to the evidences or the knowledge that is achieved from the sources which are quantifiable, testable, and objective as well as those source that work as the theoretical frameworks. These are the sources on which nurses can base their nursing practice (Zander, 2007). I required extensive knowledge to provide quality care to the dementia patients especially when the disease is advances and patients are unable to communicate their problem and feeling due to cognitive loss and much oth er impairment. The strong empirical evidences were required in relation to Pathophysiology, cognitive assessment, medication, rehabilitation of the residents, pain management and behavior management strategies (Chang et al, 2009). Strong knowledge base helped me to provide patient centered care, as some times the care is shifted to taken for granted. Empirical knowledge related to restraints being used in the residential care for dementia patients helped to understand the issues. Nurses working with the dementia patients require theoretical frameworks and underpinnings. Physical restraints are an important area required to be empirical evaluated for the dementia patients. However, the studies states that such restraints should be reduced in residential care (Pellfook, Gustafson, Bucht Karlsson, 2010). Physical restraints have raised many ethical issues and also challenges patients autonomy. I learned the empirical knowing that Physical restraints harms the patients and may cause injures that can result in reduced mobility, psychological damage and skin breakdown. Bakers ways of knowing helped to gather the empirical evidences in relation to use of physical restraints in residential care for dementia patients. Esthetical Knowing in Dementia Care This way of knowing refers to that nurse should understand and interpret the behavior in order to form the empathetic understanding towards patient (Zander, 2007). The main aspect of the patient centered care is that nurses must understand what patients are experiencing empathetic manner. According to the theory of Carper, the more experienced nurses become empathetic and tend to perceive the life of others. The nurses develop more ways of perceiving reality by gaining more knowledge. Under this way of knowing, I imagined that what the patient undergoing dementia is experiencing or feeling (Ramshaw, 2012). Though imagination is not a major concept in health care, yet it helped me to understand that what later stage dementia patients are experiencing (Kontos, Naglie, 2007). The author further states that by the imagination we place ourselves in [a sufferers] situation, we conceive ourselves enduring the same torments, we enter as it were into his body, and become in some measure the same person with him (p. 562). Therefore it is important to understand the behavior of the patients to provide the care, which responsive to the patients needs according to Carpers esthetical way of knowing. Dementia Care and Personal Knowing Personal knowing is the personal knowledge that is gained about an individual, which helps to develop the sense of understanding and awareness. Personal knowledge required me to engage with my patients and to make therapeutic connection with them (Zander, 2007). When the dementia advance, patients are often not able to articulate their feelings and thoughts, this is the stage when strategies for developing personal knowledge are required. I developed my way of personal knowing through various strategies. The fist strategy was the continuation of the care and consistently looking after the residents. The second strategy was the involvement of the family in care and third strategy was to understand the life stories of the residents (Rasin Kautz, 2007). Through these strategies I developed the method of learning about the residents and also developed a sense of knowing about the patient suffering with dementia. The involvement of family in the process of personal knowing has also been helpful, as they know the past to present of the patient and helped to provide key information. Personal knowing helped me to understand patients behavior and to reject physical constraint to maintain patients dignity and respect. Ethical Way of Knowing in Dementia Care Ethical decision making is very important for providing care to the patients with progressive dementia. It is the duty of the nurse and the caregivers to constantly provide respectful care and considering the ethical principles of autonomy and beneficence. Hope (2009) states that caregivers and nurses should provide appropriate and responsive care; preserve a persons autonomy; provide a safe environment and at the same time, honor an individuals personhood (p. 549). Ethical knowing can also be considered as the moral aspect and requires the nurses to act in morally correct manner. During my nursing practice, where I provided care to old dementia patients, I always offered safe and ethical care. In the case of physical constraints the ethical dilemma of upholding patients rights arises (Woods Pratt, 2005). Therefore, in order to maintain the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice, I focused on making therapeutic relationship with patient to control th eir behavior instead of using physical constraints. Personal knowing helped me providing care which is closely related to ethics. Conclusion This paper is based on providing the insight of Carpers ways of knowing approach and using this approach in nursing practice. Paper focused on applying physical restraint on dementia patients in aged care residential setting. His reflection helped me to learn empirical, esthetic, personal and ethical way of knowing and understanding patients needs and reducing any harm. Physical restraint is the way of controlling the behavior of the patient, which can harm the physically and psychologically. Through this reflection I learned that physical restraints can be reduced by applying Carpers way of knowing approach to nursing practice in residential care setting. References Barker, S. (2016).Psychology for Nursing and Healthcare Professionals: Developing Compassionate Care. Sage. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=h6Y8DAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Barker,+S.+(2016).%5CPsychology+for+Nursing+and+Healthcare++Professionals:+Developing+Compassionate+Care,+47.ots=rnQ6ZL4MV9sig=HGqCunM6lWozlKmlynB6UrqKOq4#v=onepageqf=false Chang, E., Daly, J., Johnson, A., Harrison, K., Easterbrook, S., Bidewell, J., ... Hancock, K. (2009). Challenges for professional care of advanced dementia.International Journal of Nursing Practice,15(1), 41-47. Green, C. (2009). A comprehensive theory of the human person from philosophy andnursing.Nursing Philosophy,10(4), 263-274. Hope, T. (2009). Ethical dilemmas in the care of people with dementia.British journal of community nursing,14(12). Kontos, P. C., Naglie, G. (2007). Bridging theory and practice: Imagination, the body, and person-centred dementia care.Dementia,6(4), 549-569. McIntosh, D. (2013). Dementia: A valuable impact.Australian Ageing Agenda, (Nov/Dec 2013),50. Mohr, W. K. (2010). Restraints and the code of ethics: An uneasy fit.Archives of psychiatricnursing,24(1), 3-14. Pellfolk, T. J. E., Gustafson, Y., Bucht, G., Karlsson, S. (2010). Effects of a restraintminimization program on staff knowledge, attitudes, and practice: a cluster randomized trial.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,58(1), 62-69. Ramshaw, T. (2012). Dementia: What consumers really think.Australian Ageing Agenda, (May/Jun 2012), 70. Rasin, J., Kautz, D. D. (2007). Knowing the resident with dementia: Perspectives of assisted living facility caregivers.Journal of gerontological nursing,33(9), 30-36. Woods, B., Pratt, R. (2005). Awareness in dementia: Ethical and legal issues in relation to people with dementia.Aging mental health,9(5), 423-429. Zander, P. E. (2007). Ways of knowing in nursing: The historical evolution of a concept.Journal of theory construction testing,11(1), 7.